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https://w.atwiki.jp/mopsprogramming/pages/125.html
"State"というのは、Mopsの実行モードのことです。既出ですが、一応説明すると、コンパイル状態か、解釈状態かを識別するものです。具体的には、コロン定義とメソッド定義の中はコンパイル状態、その外、とくに地の部分が解釈状態です。 通常は、コロンやセミコロンを通じて自動的に状態は切り替わりますが、例えば、コロン定義の中であっても、定義を終了させることなく、一時的にコンパイル状態を解釈状態に切り替えたいというときが、場合によっては起こりえます(どのような場合かは、別のページに現れるでしょう)。 この状態を切り替えるワードとして、"["と"]"があります。角括弧は、メソッドの動的束縛のときなど、色々な場面で使われていますが、もっとも正式な(つまり、Forth標準の)意味は、状態の切り替えです。Mopsでは文脈によって働きが変わるように仕組まれているのです。このように、ひとつのワード(名前)や記号に複数の働きを結びつけることは、一般に、オーバーロードといいます。直訳すると"超過負担"とか、まあ、更に追加して荷を背負わせるというような語感ですかね。オーバーライドと紛らわしいというのがよく話題になります(^^;;)。 左角括弧"["はコンパイル状態を解釈状態に切り替えます。右角括弧"]"はその逆、つまり、解釈状態をコンパイル状態に切り替えます。そんなわけで、例えばコロン定義の中で、"[ ]"で囲った部分をつくると、そのワード定義をコンパイルしているとき、その括弧中は解釈状態になるわけです。あまり意味の無い例ですが、 WORD1 dup [ 3 4 + . ] * ; というようなワード定義をロード(Mopsに書いてENTER)すると、コンパイル終了後、7がプリントされるはずです。"WORD1"自体の定義内容は、スタック上の数値を2乗するだけです。つまり、角括弧で囲まれた部分は、解釈状態になりますから、ロード時に実行され、完了してしまうわけで、WORD1の定義内容にはならない、ということです。ワード定義の"ハラキリ"みたいなもんでしょうか… 数値をプリントしたのは、ワード定義のコロンとセミコロンがきちんとかみ合っているかどうかを検証するためにコロンがワードコンパイル時にスタックを使っているので、スタックに勝手な値を残してしまうと対応が確認できなくなるからです。Mops/Forthでは、コンパイルもそれ用のワードの解釈実行として行われることを想起しましょう。つまり、言いたいことは、複雑なコード(特に条件構造内など)の中で状態を切り替えて値を操作するのは、マーカー値などを攪乱してしまう危険があるので、控えましょう、ということです。普通、この状態の切り替えは、コンパイル時点でのある変数の値を取っておいて実行時に使うという目的のために利用されます。その際には、"LITERAL"というワードと一緒に使われることになります。"LITERAL"というワードの動作は、少し変わっていて、コンパイル時には、その時点でのトップスタックの値をひとつ消費して格納し(Immediate)、実行時には、その値をスタックに置きます。例えば、 5 value myvalue WORD2 [ myvalue 4 + ] LITERAL ; と定義すると、WORD2は実行時には、"9"をスタックに残すでしょう。つまり、"WORD2"のコンパイル時に"[]"内の計算は実施され、それが"LITERAL"によって格納されます。実行時には、その格納された値が、"LITERAL"によって返されるのです。 "STATE"はMopsでは普通のValue変数ですから、自分で"True"や"false"を格納して操作することも可能です。しかし、それはすべきではないと思います。大域変数なわけですから、勝手にいじって戻すのを忘れたりするとおかしなことになりかねません。アプリケーションプログラミングのレベルでは切り替えのためのワードを経由して自動的に変更するようにし、"STATE"を直接使うにしてもせいぜい値を参照するに止めるのが適切な使い方であると思われます。 補遺：条件コンパイル 角括弧を用いてワードの定義内容の一部を条件に応じて変えることができます。例えば、 WORD2 コード1 [ 条件値 ] [IF] コード2 [ELSE] コード3 [THEN] コード4 ; のようにすると、"WORD2"の内容は、条件値が真(非0)であるときには、"コード1 コード2 コード4"となり、条件値が偽であるときには、"コード1 コード3 コード4"となります。 関連項目： STATES 解釈モードでの条件構造 IMMEDIATEワード トップページへ 目次へ
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Stonehenge Stonehengeとは The Caste Caves Wake Hallow Essence The Caste Caves Head of The Overloads Moloch's Lair Unique Dye KitsとRespec Attribute Token The Wild The Wildでしか見られないUnique装備 The DesiccatorとMysterious Egg Stonehengeとは patch v1.0で追加された課金者専用の新フィールド、Stonehenge。 メインシナリオとは無関係のステーションで、巨大なボーナスステージのようなものである。 Stonehengeにしか出現しない敵や、後述する特殊なダンジョン、ここでしかドロップしない新装備などが用意されている。 出現する敵のレベルは常にキャラクターレベルと同等であり、メインシナリオで詰まった際のキャラクター強化などにも役立つ。 課金者なら誰でも、Templar Baseにあるポータルからアクセスできる。 (ただしレベル制限があり、レベル１４以下のキャラクターは入れない） １度アクセスすれば、以後はStation Terminalからいつでも飛んでくることができるようになる。 また、既知のステーションと同じように、Nano Forgeなどの施設や売店NPCなどがある。 Stone Hengeには、The Caste Caves, Moloch s Lair, The Wildという３つのダンジョンが存在する。 このうちThe Caste CavesとThe Wildには最初から入れるが、 Moloch s Lairには特殊な条件を満たさない限り入場することができない。 The Caste Caves The Caste Cavesには、悪魔たちの４つのカースト―Beast, Demon, Necro, Spectralのそれぞれのボスが棲んでいる。 ただし、最初からボスに挑めるわけではない。 Stonehengeからアクセスできるのは、これらのボスの住処への入り口である、Wake Hallowという薄暗い森だけである。 Wake Hallow Wake Hallowは、Stonehengeに挑戦する者がまず最初に足を踏み入れることになる場所である。 この薄暗く、広大な森のどこかに、The Caste Cavesと呼ばれる４つのダンジョンへの入り口がある。 Beast, Demon, Necro, Spectralの４つのカーストにそれぞれボスがおり、それぞれのボスが１つのダンジョンを持っている。 各ダンジョンに入るためには、各カーストごとのEssenceを５つ集めてくる必要がある。 Essence Essenceとは、Champion monster(Rare,Epic, Legendary, Nemedのモンスター)を倒した際に２０％の確率で入手できる、The Caste Caves専用の入場アイテムである。 Champion monsterであれば、Wake Hallow内の敵である必要はなく、ロンドン近郊でメインシナリオを進めて行く過程で自然と手に入るようになっている。 例えばDemon系のChampion monsterを倒せば、２０％の確率でDemon-Essenceが１つ入手できるという具合である。 Essenceを５つ集めることで、Wake Hallow内にある入り口から、各カーストのボスの棲むダンジョンへ入場することが可能となる。 つまり、全てのボスに挑戦するためには、４種類ある各Essenceをすべて５つずつ集める必要があるということになる。 The Caste Caves Essenceを５つ集めて、Wake Hallowのどこかにある各Caste Caveの入り口に火を灯せば、中に進入することができる。 このときEssenceは消費されるが、最奥に棲むボスを倒すまでは、何度でも出入りできる。 ただし一旦ボスを倒してしまうと、再び中に入るには、もう一度Essenceを５つ集めてくる必要がある。 またEssenceは鞄に入れて持ち歩く必要はなく、ステーションの倉庫の中にいれておくだけで十分である。 ダンジョン内には、ロンドン近郊の今までのマップに比べて、圧倒的な数のChampion monsterが登場する。 そして一番奥には強力なボスが待ち構えており、もし打ち倒すことができれば、Act-ボス並みのアイテムドロップが約束されている。 Head of The Overloads The Caste Cavesのボス達を打倒すると、その証として、各ボスの名前入りのHeadが入手できる。 これは次なるダンジョン、Moloch s Lairへの入場アイテムであり、Moloch s Lairには、４種のボスのHead全てを集めた者しか足を踏み入れることはできない。 Moloch s Lair Moloch s Lairは、The Caste Cavesにおいて４種すべてのボスを打ち倒し、４つのHeadを集めた者のみが挑戦できる、Stonehenge最大のボス・Molochの棲家である。 Molochは非常に巨大であり、威圧的な雰囲気を持つ特殊な空間での戦闘となるが、ここまで辿り着いた者ならば臆することはない。 最大級のアイテムドロップを狙って、神に拝んで特攻あるのみである。 一度倒した後でも、再びMolochと戦うことができる。 ただしそのためには、もう一度、４つのHeadを集めてこなければならない。 しかしMolochの魅力に取り憑かれた者ならば、Essenceの続く限り挑戦を試みたくなることだろう。 Unique Dye KitsとRespec Attribute Token Patch1.2で追加された新要素。 Molochは以下の条件に従って追加でアイテムをドロップする。 これらのアイテムは４つのHeadを消費した者だけでなく、パーティメンバー全員にドロップの可能性がある。 １％の確率で、「Respec Attribute Token」をドロップする。 このアイテムはキャラクターのAttribute points(Accuracy,Strength,Stamina,and Willpower)を「初期化」し、再振り分けを可能にする。 このトークンはトレード可能である。 ５％の確率で、固定プロパティを持ったdye kitsをドロップする。 プロパティの数値はアイテムレベルに比例し、level 50で獲得したものは、level 30で獲得したものよりも良い数値がつく。 このdye kitsはトレード可能である。（ただしSubscriber onlyの装備なので、Subscriber同士でなければトレードできない） 出やすいものから出にくいものまで順番に並べると、以下のようになる。 Earth Core Dye Kit Health regeneration Dark Vengence Dye Kit + to luck Indigo Fire Dye Kit Electricity “thorns damage” effect Copper Sky Dye Kit + to all Elemental special effect defense Ivory Haze Dye Kit + to Shields Vanquish Dye Kit +1 level of Sprint skill (+1の数値はアイテムレベルに依存せず固定) Cold Steel Dye Kit + to Armor Black Knight Dye Kit + to all attributes The Wild The Wildは前述の２つのダンジョンとは異なり、入場するために特殊なルールは何もない。 ここはある程度の人数を揃えたパーティ用のダンジョンであり、圧倒的な広さの森と、圧倒的な量のモンスターが存在する。 森はどこまでも奥深く続いており、行き着く先になにがあるのかは、依然謎のままである。 The Wildでしか見られないUnique装備 Patch1.2で追加された新要素。 Wildゾーン内に生息するChampion monster(Rare以上のモンスター)たちは、1/250の確率で、以下の６つの新ユニーク武器をドロップする。 武器の性能はその武器をドロップしたChampion monsterのレベルに依存する。 これらの武器はトレード可能である。（ただしSubscriber onlyの装備なので、Subscriber同士でなければトレードできない） Convulsor - a Sniper Rifle The Exterminator - a Heavy Rifle Novastorm - a Nova Gun The Unyielding Moon - a Sword Slipnaught - a Focus Item Alucard’s Continuum? - a Dart Pistol The DesiccatorとMysterious Egg Patch1.2で追加された新ボスモンスター・The Desiccatorは、"The Deepest Wild"ゾーンに２５％の確率で出現する。 彼は、特にソロや少人数パーティでは倒すのが非常に難しい。彼の体力は時間とともに自然回復するため、パーティであっても彼を倒せるという保証はない。 しかしもし打倒できれば、The Desiccatorは２０％の確率で「Mysterious Egg」をドロップする。 Mysterious Eggは、Transmogrifying Cubeに入れることで、３種類のうち１つの「pets with abilities（能力を持ったペット）」を生み出す。 これらのペットや、Mysterious Eggは、トレード不可となっている。ペットは次の3種である。 Nautilus - 範囲内にいる味方全員をヒールしてくれる。 Revenant - 敵に向かってスペクトラルミサイルを発射する。 Heap Raptor - 邪魔な破壊可能物を主人のために壊してくれる。
https://w.atwiki.jp/icuinfo/pages/87.html
T,J,秋,3単位 2012 2011 2010 2009 時期不明
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US prosecutors have indicted 3 computer hackers on suspicion of stealing data from 130 million credit and debit card accounts, the largest data theft ever in the United States. The Justice Department said on Monday that Albert Gonzalez and 2 other suspects hacked into computer networks, including those of convenience store giant Seven-Eleven and a New Jersey-based card payment processing company, to steal the private information of cardholders. The department believes that the suspects sent stolen data to computer servers in the Netherlands, Ukraine and Latvia to fraudulently use the information. Observers say it may take a long time to uncover the full scope of the data theft and learn how much of the data was actually used.
https://w.atwiki.jp/japanesehiphop/pages/5463.html
Format Title Artist Label Model Number Release Press 7 Heart Of The 6 Cities MIC大将 ZZ PRODUCTION ZPLP-008 2021/06/25 - この投稿をInstagramで見る K.EG(@k_eg)がシェアした投稿 Instagram Link Side Track Title Produce A 1 Heart Of The 6 Cities WATT a.k.a. ヨッテルブッテル B 2 Heart Of The 6 Cities(Inst) WATT a.k.a. ヨッテルブッテル PERTAIN RECORD HMV MIC大将/Heart Of The 6 Cities PERTAIN CD AMAZON The Blue Marble PERTAIN DIGITAL AMAZON The Blue Marble [Explicit]
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PatentWatch PatentWatch PatentWatchロッテ・爽特許第3660157号 マルチメディア人材広告システム特許特開平１０－６３７３９ IP電話原理特許特許第３７５６８９５号 電子地図特許特許第３７３１７５１号 ネットゲーム観戦特許United States Patent 6,999,08 アクティベーション特許United States Patent 6,449,645 「ガシャポン自販機の特許侵害」でバンダイがエポック提訴特許第３７２６０９９号 特許第３６４１７８７号 特許第３５３４７４１号 特許第３２６７５１２号 第２５４０６０９号 ムシキング特許特許3712122 XML特許United States Patent 6,393,426 United States Patent 5,842,213 ロッテ・爽 ロッテの爽というアイスクリームを食べていると、特許番号が書いてあったので、ちょっと調べて見ました。アイスクリーム中に粉砕された微細氷片を混入するというもので、微細氷片のサイズを規定する内容です。 こういった身近なものの特許番号記載を調べて見るのも面白いかなと思ったのですが、すでにそういうページがありました。http //ipc.seesaa.net/ 特許第3660157号 (19)【発行国】日本国特許庁（ＪＰ） (12)【公報種別】特許公報（Ｂ２） (11)【特許番号】特許第３６６０１５７号（Ｐ３６６０１５７） (24)【登録日】平成１７年３月２５日（２００５．３．２５） (45)【発行日】平成１７年６月１５日（２００５．６．１５） (54)【発明の名称】冷菓及びその製造方法 (51)【国際特許分類第７版】 A23G 9/00 【ＦＩ】 A23G 9/00 【請求項の数】６ 【全頁数】１３ (21)【出願番号】特願平１１－１３５０３２ (22)【出願日】平成１１年５月１４日（１９９９．５．１４） (65)【公開番号】特開２０００－３１６４８１（Ｐ２０００－３１６４８１Ａ） (43)【公開日】平成１２年１１月２１日（２０００．１１．２１） 【審査請求日】平成１４年８月８日（２００２．８．８） (73)【特許権者】 【識別番号】３９０００２９９０ 【氏名又は名称】株式会社ロッテ 【住所又は居所】東京都新宿区西新宿３丁目２０番１号 (74)【代理人】 【識別番号】１０００６４０１２ 【弁理士】 【氏名又は名称】浜田 治雄 (72)【発明者】 【氏名】横田 善廣 【住所又は居所】埼玉県鴻巣市生出塚２－２４－８ (72)【発明者】 【氏名】増田 豊 【住所又は居所】埼玉県北葛飾郡庄和町新宿新田１４５ (72)【発明者】 【氏名】臼井 雅克 【住所又は居所】東京都文京区本郷５－２１－１８ 【審査官】鈴木 恵理子 (56)【参考文献】 【文献】特開平０６－１８９６８６（ＪＰ，Ａ） 【文献】米国特許第０５６２０７３２（ＵＳ，Ａ） (58)【調査した分野】(Int.Cl.7，ＤＢ名) A23G 9/00～04 (57)【特許請求の範囲】 【請求項１】 冷菓中に粉砕微細氷片を有する冷菓であって、該氷片の大きさが、氷片の最も長い軸上での長さが１．０ｍｍ以下で、その長さの平均値が０．０６ｍｍ～１．０ｍｍであって、かつその氷片の８０％以上が０．０６ｍｍ～１．０ｍｍの範囲の長さにあることを特徴とする冷菓。 【請求項４】 冷菓中に存在する氷片を粉砕装置で、該氷片の大きさが、該氷片の最も長い軸上での長さが１．０ｍｍ以下で、その長さの平均値が０．０６ｍｍ～１．０ｍｍであって、かつその氷片の８０％以上が０．０６ｍｍ～１．０ｍｍの範囲の長さにある微細氷片に調製することを特徴とする冷菓の製造方法。 マルチメディア人材広告システム特許 派遣ネット（http //staff3.haken.or.jp/）のHPで特許出願中とあったマルチメディア人材広告システム。96年の出願ですから、結構早いのですが、これで特許になったらすごいなあ、というか現在（2007/1/14時点）拒絶査定不服審判中のようです。 特開平１０－６３７３９ 【発行国】日本国特許庁（ＪＰ） 【公報種別】公開特許公報（Ａ） 【公開番号】特開平１０－６３７３９ 【公開日】平成１０年（１９９８）３月６日 【発明の名称】マルチメディア人材広告システム 【国際特許分類第６版】 G06F 17/60 【ＦＩ】 G06F 15/21 Z Q 【審査請求】未請求 【請求項の数】２ 【出願形態】ＦＤ 【全頁数】７ 【出願番号】特願平８－２３８４７９ 【出願日】平成８年（１９９６）８月２１日 【出願人】 【識別番号】５９２１７４０３９ 【氏名又は名称】ビスコ株式会社 【住所又は居所】東京都千代田区神田神保町３丁目２番４号 田村ビル７階 【発明者】 【氏名】土田 謙次 【住所又は居所】東京都千代田区神田神保町３丁目２番４号 田村ビル７階 ビスコ株式会社内 【代理人】 【弁理士】 【氏名又は名称】下山 冨士男 【要約】 【課題】本発明は、複数種類の情報伝達形態を使用し、少ない運営経費で、常時人材派遣を行う会社と求職者との間の人材派遣に関する情報の伝達を行うことができ、且つ、コンピュータ関連の人材の応募、派遣にも適したマルチメディア人材広告システムを提供する。 【解決手段】人材派遣を行う複数会社の各端末装置２Ａと接続され、前記複数会社の各端末装置２Ａからの人材派遣に関する情報をインターネット通信用、パーソナルコンピュータ通信用、ファクシミリ通信用、電話通信用の各情報に変換して出力する情報中継用のホストコンピュータ１と、該ホストコンピュータ１により中継される前記複数会社の各端末装置２Ａからの人材派遣に関する情報を、インターネット通信網４、パーソナルコンピュータ通信網５、ファクシミリ６、電話機７により各々求職者側に伝達して求職者側と交信するマルチメディア通信手段３とを有する。 【特許請求の範囲】 【請求項１】人材派遣を行う複数会社の各端末装置と接続され、前記複数会社の各端末装置からの人材派遣に関する情報をインターネット通信用、パーソナルコンピュータ通信用、ファクシミリ通信用、電話通信用の各情報に変換して出力する情報中継用のホストコンピュータと、このホストコンピュータにより中継される前記複数会社の各端末装置からの人材派遣に関する情報を、インターネット通信、パーソナルコンピュータ通信、ファクシミリ通信、電話通信の各形態で求職者側に伝達して求職者側と交信するマルチメディア通信手段と、を有することを特徴とするマルチメディア人材広告システム。 【請求項２】人材派遣を行う複数会社の各端末装置と接続され、前記複数会社の各端末装置からの人材派遣に関する情報を各々会社別の独自広告及び地区別、仕事別からなる共同広告に加工するとともに、これら各会社別の独自広告及び前記共同広告をインターネット通信用、パーソナルコンピュータ通信用、ファクシミリ通信用、電話通信用の各情報に変換して出力する情報中継用のホストコンピュータと、このホストコンピュータにより中継される前記各会社別の独自広告及び前記共同広告をインターネット通信及びパーソナルコンピュータ通信、ファクシミリ通信、電話通信の各形態で求職者側に伝達して求職者側と交信するマルチメディア通信手段と、を有することを特徴とするマルチメディア人材広告システム。 IP電話原理特許 ITproの記事『経産の外郭団体がIP電話の関連特許を成立、業界への主張を開始』（http //itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20060412/235149/）より。 経済産業省の外郭団体である流通システム開発センターと有限会社の宮口研究所が取得した日本特許第3756895号。IP電話の原理特許だと主張されているようです。 次の要約を示しますが（クレームは代表的に１のみ）、電話番号をＩＰアドレスに変換して発信元端末に返送する、いわば電話番号をキーにしたDNSの仕組みが特徴かなと感じました。IP電話の仕組みがこの通りなのかどうかは調べていませんが、他にもシリーズがあるそうです。 特許第３７５６８９５号 【特許番号】特許第３７５６８９５号（Ｐ３７５６８９５） 【登録日】平成１８年１月６日（２００６．１．６） 【発明の名称】統合情報通信システム 【出願番号】特願２００３－１８０４３５（Ｐ２００３－１８０４３５） 【出願日】平成１５年６月２５日（２００３．６．２５） 【分割の表示】特願２００２－１７８５９６（Ｐ２００２－１７８５９６）の分割 【原出願日】平成９年１２月５日（１９９７．１２．５） 【優先権主張番号】特願平８－３２６７３６ 【優先日】平成８年１２月６日（１９９６．１２．６） 【優先権主張国】日本国（ＪＰ） 【優先権主張番号】特願平９－５４８１２ 【優先日】平成９年３月１０日（１９９７．３．１０） 【優先権主張国】日本国（ＪＰ） 【優先権主張番号】特願平９－１８２５４１ 【優先日】平成９年７月８日（１９９７．７．８） 【特許権者】財団法人流通システム開発センタ－ 【特許権者】有限会社宮口研究所 【住所又は居所】千葉県市川市菅野１丁目４番４号 【請求項１】 発信側のＩＣＳ論理端子と外部ＩＰパケットを基に内部パケットを形成し、形成された内部パケットのＩＣＳ論理端子識別情報を基に、着信側ＩＣＳ論理端子を決定するようになっており、 端末が宛先端末の電話番号を送出すると、前記宛先端末の電話番号をＩＰアドレスに変換して問合せ元の端末に送信するようになっていることを特徴とするＩＰ通信網。 電子地図特許 電子地図、GIS（地理情報システム）に関する特許を取得したとして各所に警告を打ちまくっていると評判の伊予エンジニアリング http //www.iyoeng.co.jp/の特許第3731751号。ペンディングもある模様。その他、伊予エンジニアリングの特許情報は同社の特許情報ページ http //www.iyoeng.co.jp/patent.htmlで。 愛媛は第二のふるさとなので密かに応援してます。 特許第３７３１７５１号 【特許番号】特許第３７３１７５１号（Ｐ３７３１７５１） 【登録日】平成１７年１０月２１日（２００５．１０．２１） 【発明の名称】文字情報と画像情報の合成方法及び装置 【出願番号】特願２００４－１７４９５６（Ｐ２００４－１７４９５６） 【出願日】平成１６年６月１４日（２００４．６．１４） 【分割の表示】特願２０００－１４９５３５（Ｐ２０００－１４９５３５）の分割 【原出願日】平成７年１月１３日（１９９５．１．１３） 【特許権者】株式会社伊予エンジニアリング 【請求項１】 地図，設計図，各種構造物の構造図などの図形の画像情報を処理対象として、予め作成された前記画像情報のデータベースに基づいて前記図形の任意の部分の画像を背景画像として表示装置に表示すると共に、利用者の文字情報と前記背景画像とを合成して表示する文字情報と画像情報の合成方法であって、 前記背景画像上の所望の対象物の場所を、その領域を囲む図形を前記表示装置に表示された背景画像上で利用者に作画させて指定させ、前記対象物の領域を囲む図形の作画情報及び前記背景画像上の座標情報を前記対象物の場所を示す図形情報として登録すると共に、前記図形情報に対応させて付与した管理コードを管理テーブルに登録する第１工程と、利用者が所有する既存データベースから抽出した文字情報群を構成要素とするファイルを入力装置を介して入力する第２工程と、前記対象物の場所に関連する関連情報として前記第２工程で入力した前記ファイル内の所望の文字情報と前記第１工程で登録された該当の図形情報とを、前記管理テーブルに登録されている該当の図形情報の管理コードにより対応付けて登録すると共に、前記所望の文字情報を当該対象物の登録済み検索キーとして登録する第３工程と、入力された文字情報を検索キーとして、該検索キーと前記登録済み検索キーとを照合して前記第３工程で登録された文字情報群を検索し、検索された文字情報に対応して登録されている図形情報を前記管理テーブルを参照して取得し、該図形情報に基づき前記背景画像上での当該対象物の位置を求める第４工程と、前記第４工程で求めた対象物の位置が所定位置に配置されるように表示領域を調整して前記対象物を含む背景画像を前記表示装置に表示すると共に、前記検索された文字情報を前記関連情報として前記対象物と関連付けて合成して表示する第５工程とを有することを特徴とする文字情報と画像情報の合成方法。 ネットゲーム観戦特許 ITmediaの記事『MS、5000件目の特許は「ネットゲーム観戦特許」』 http //www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0603/07/news050.htmlより、Microsoftのネットゲ観戦特許。 ITmediaによると「ユーザーが「観客」としてネットゲームに参加できるようにする技術に関連したものだ」とのこと。参加したら観客じゃ何じゃないの？とツッコミを入れておきます。HalfLife系が参考文献に挙げられています。 United States Patent 6,999,08 USPTOの検索結果へ http //patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1 Sect2=HITOFF d=PALL p=1 u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm r=1 f=G l=50 s1=6,999,083.WKU. OS=PN/6,999,083 RS=PN/6,999,083 United States Patent 6,999,083 Wong , et al. February 14, 2006 System and method to provide a spectator experience for networked gaming Abstract A spectator experience corresponding to an occurrence of one or more games or events is generated based on each associated occurrence. The occurrence of a game or event varies in response to contributions and/or interactions of one or more participants of the game or event. The spectator experience enables users thereof to observe an augmented version of the game or event, such as by implementing enhanced viewpoint controls and/or other spectator related effects. In a particular aspect, the spectator experience can provide an indication of the spectators presence, which is made available to the spectators and/or to the participants of the game. Inventors Wong; Curtis G. (Bellevue, WA); Drucker; Steven M. (Bellevue, WA); Cohen; Michael F. (Seattle, WA); He; Li-wei (Bellevue, WA); Glatzer; Asta L. (Redmond, WA) Assignee Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, WA) Appl. No. 934717 Filed August 22, 2001 Current U.S. Class 345/473; 345/752; 463/42 Current Intern l Class G06T 15/00 (20060101) Field of Search 463/31,42,33 345/752,419,473,474,475 Claims 1. A system for providing a spectator experience for a game or event, comprising a spectator engine that aggregates selected game data with other data to provide spectator data, the game data varying as a function of at least one of contributions and interactions of at least one participant of an occurrence of the game or event; the other data including non-participant initiated interactive information based on use of the spectator experience, the non-participant initiated interactive information is generated between a non-participant and one of a participant and a disparate non-participant; and a distribution system operative to provide a signal based on the spectator data that is transformable into a representation of the spectator experience. アクティベーション特許 CNETJapanの記事『米弁護士、MSを控訴--プロダクトアクティベーションをめぐり』 http //japan.cnet.com/news/biz/story/0,2000050156,20098292,00.htmより、Microsoft製品を訴えている、インターネットを通じたアクティベーションについての米国特許。アメリカの弁護士さんはすごいです。 たびたび誤爆が問題となるアクティベーション。差止めてもらいたいものです、などと思ったりします。 United States Patent 6,449,645 USPTOの検索結果へ http //patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1 Sect2=HITOFF d=PALL p=1 u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm r=1 f=G l=50 s1=6,999,083.WKU. OS=PN/6,999,083 RS=PN/6,999,083 United States Patent 6,449,645 Nash September 10, 2002 System for monitoring the association of digitized information having identification indicia with more than one of uniquely identified computers in a network for illegal use detection Abstract A system and method for detecting and locating improper or illicit use of digitized information such as illegal pirating, copying, alteration, and the like. The digitized information may include software, digital music, digital movies, multimedia or the like that may be placed on a user s computer and possibly copied to other computers. The system or method preferably operates in the background so as to be unnoticeable to the user and preferably does not interfere with operation of the digitized information even if determined that copying or alteration has occurred. Thus, there is little motivation to remove the routine that effects transmission over the Internet to a server of information such as a program identification indicia, a computer identification indicia, program alteration identification. The computer routine may be installed on the user s computer by many methods and acts to determine and store the information until such time as an Internet connection is made whereupon the information is transmitted to a server for storage. If information received by the server indicates the same program identification on numerous computers then a signal may be provided or produced that would cause further investigation. The system and method may also provide a routine to detect if alterations have been made to the digitized information to be protected. Inventors Nash; Kenneth L. (15238 High Springs Dr., Houston, TX 77068-1814) Appl. No. 260957 Filed March 2, 1999 Current U.S. Class 709/224; 702/188; 709/217; 709/218; 709/219; 709/223; 726/22; 726/29; 726/30; 726/32 Intern l Class G06F 015/173 Field of Search 709/223-224,217-219 713/200-202 702/188 This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/116367, filed Jan. 19, 1999. Claims 1. A method for use with the Internet for detecting pirating of digitized information, comprising providing a first identification indicia that is unique for each of a plurality of substantially identical packets of digitized information; determining a second identification indicia for each of a plurality of computers utilizing one of said plurality of substantially identical packets of digitized information, said second identification indicia is unique for each of said plurality of computers; automatically determining whether one or more of said plurality of computers is operable for communicating with said Internet; sending said first identification indicia and said second identification indicia from each of said plurality of computers to one or more servers in communication with said Internet such that each of said plurality of substantially identical packets of digitized information is associated with each of said plurality of computers; storing said first identification indicia and said second identification indicia in said one or more servers; and determining if said first identification indicia is associated with more than one of said plurality of computers so as to indicate a possibility that one of said plurality of substantially identical packets of digitized information has been copied. 「ガシャポン自販機の特許侵害」でバンダイがエポック提訴 『「ガシャポン自販機の特許侵害」でバンダイがエポック提訴』という記事で知った、バンダイv.エポックの事件。ニュースソース（Asahi.com）はリンクが切れていますが、バンダイのニュースリリースはhttp //www.bandai.co.jp/releases/J2006011301.html 特許第３７２６０９９号 【特許番号】特許第３７２６０９９号（Ｐ３７２６０９９） 【登録日】平成１７年９月３０日（２００５．９．３０） 【発明の名称】媒体販売装置 【出願番号】特願２００５－１８５６１９（Ｐ２００５－１８５６１９） 【出願日】平成１７年６月２４日（２００５．６．２４） 【分割の表示】特願２００１－７９２８２（Ｐ２００１－７９２８２）の分割 【原出願日】平成１３年３月１９日（２００１．３．１９） 【特許権者】株式会社バンダイ 【特許権者】大和精工株式会社 【請求項１】 上面を有する基礎フレームと、 前記基礎フレームに回動可能に支持され、ハンドルにより回動させられる操作軸と、 前記基礎フレームの上面に形成された、上方開放状の開放軸受部と、 前記開放軸受部に上方より挿脱可能に挿入され、回動可能となるように支持されるローラ軸と、 前記ローラ軸に取り付けられ、ローラ軸の回動により回動する払出ローラと、 前記基礎フレームに設けられ、前記操作軸の回動を前記ローラ軸に伝達し、前記払出ローラを回動させる払出伝動体と、 前記基礎フレームの上面に着脱可能に装着され、複数の媒体を上下積層状に収納可能な収納ケースであって、前記基礎フレームに装着されたとき、収納された複数の媒体のうち最下位置の媒体が前記払出ローラによって受持される前記収納ケースと、 からなり、 前記ハンドルの操作により前記操作軸が回動されたとき払出ローラが回動することにより、前記収納ケース内に収納された複数の媒体のうち最下位置の媒体が前記収納ケースから送り出される ことを特徴とする媒体販売装置。 特許第３６４１７８７号 【特許番号】特許第３６４１７８７号（Ｐ３６４１７８７） 【登録日】平成１７年２月４日（２００５．２．４） 【発明の名称】物品取出装置 【出願番号】特願２００４－２１９８１２（Ｐ２００４－２１９８１２） 【出願日】平成１６年７月２８日（２００４．７．２８） 【分割の表示】特願２００１－１３６６６７（Ｐ２００１－１３６６６７）の分割 【原出願日】平成８年６月５日（１９９６．６．５） 【特許権者】株式会社バンダイ 【請求項１】 （イ）前壁、後壁および両側壁を含んで箱型形状に形成され、前記前壁の外面には操作部材および物品取出口が設けられており、さらに該物品取出口と一端で連通した落下通路を内部に有している装置本体と、 （ロ）前記前壁の上部に切り欠かれて形成された開口から前記装置本体に装着し又は前記開口から引き出し可能とされ、前記装置本体に押し込んだときに開放された上面が前記装置本体により覆われるとともに底部の落下口が前記落下通路の他端と対向するようにされた物品収納ケースと、 （ハ）前記物品収納ケースの底壁に設けられ、下面周縁に環状に形成されたラックと回転方向に沿って複数形成された孔とを有する回転盤と、 （ニ）前記装置本体内に設けられ、前記操作部材の操作を前記回転盤に伝達する動力伝達部とを含み、 前記物品収納ケースを前記前壁上部の開口から前記装置本体に押し込んだときに前記回転盤の前記ラックが装置本体の後壁側で前記動力伝達部とかみ合い、その状態で前記操作部材を操作すると前記回転盤が回転し、この回転により前記複数の孔の何れか一つが前記落下口と対向する位置に導かれた時に、前記物品収納ケース内の物品を前記落下口から前記落下通路へ導出する物品取出装置。 特許第３５３４７４１号 【特許番号】特許第３５３４７４１号（Ｐ３５３４７４１） 【登録日】平成１６年３月１９日（２００４．３．１９） 【発明の名称】物品取出装置、物品取出装置の物品取出方法、物品取出装置の物品収納ケース操作方法 【出願番号】特願２００２－２５４９７０（Ｐ２００２－２５４９７０） 【分割の表示】特願２００１－１３６６６７（Ｐ２００１－１３６６６７）の分割 【出願日】平成８年６月５日（１９９６．６．５） 【特許権者】株式会社バンダイ 【請求項１】（Ａ）前面に開口部が形成され、操作部と、物品取出口と、該物品取出口に連通する落下通路と、前記操作部の操作により回動する歯車と、を有する装置本体と、（Ｂ）上面が開放され、底部に落下口が形成されている物品収納ケースであって、前記装置本体の前記開口部に装着されることにより、前記落下口は前記落下通路に対向する物品収納ケースと、（Ｃ）前記物品収納ケースの底部に回動自在に設けられ、物品を収容するための収容孔及び前記歯車にかみ合うラックを有した回転盤と、を有する物品取出装置の物品取出方法において、（１）前記物品収納ケースに複数の物品を収容する工程と、（２）前記ラックが前記歯車とかみ合うように、前記物品収納ケースを前記装置本体の前面より前記開口部に装着する工程と、（３）前記操作部の操作により、前記歯車および前記ラックを介して前記回転盤を回動させて、前記収容孔に収容された物品を、前記落下口及び前記落下通路を介し、前記物品取出口に落下せしめる工程とを備え、前記装置本体には、物品の値段、内容等を表示する複数の表示面と、前記複数の表示面の中から表示すべき表示面を変化させる第１操作レバーと、を有する表示部材が設けられており、前記第１操作レバーを操作することにより、前記表示すべき表示面を変化させる工程をさらに備えることを特徴とする物品取出装置の物品取出方法。 特許第３２６７５１２号 【特許番号】特許第３２６７５１２号（Ｐ３２６７５１２） 【登録日】平成１４年１月１１日（２００２．１．１１） 【発明の名称】物品取出装置 【出願番号】特願平８－１６５２８８ 【出願日】平成８年６月５日（１９９６．６．５） 【特許権者】株式会社バンダイ 【特許権者】株式会社メガハウス 【請求項１】 以下の構成を有する物品取出装置。 （イ）正面を有する装置本体であって、操作部、物品取出口および該物品取出口と一端で連通した落下通路を有する前記装置本体と、（ロ）前記装置本体に装着することにより、上部の物品投入用開口部が前記装置本体により覆われ、底部の落下口が前記落下通路の他端と対向する物品収納ケースであって、物品入れ替え時に前記装置本体の正面より引き出し可能な前記物品収納ケースと、（ハ）前記物品収納ケースの底壁に設けられ、前記操作部の操作に応じ回転する回転盤であって、その回転方向に沿って形成された複数の孔を有し、前記操作部の操作に応じた回転により該複数の孔の何れか一つが前記落下口と対向する位置に導かれた時、前記物品収納ケース内の物品を前記落下口から前記落下通路へ導出可能にする回転盤。 第２５４０６０９号 【特許番号】第２５４０６０９号 【登録日】平成８年（１９９６）７月２５日 【発明の名称】紙葉類送出し装置 【出願番号】特願昭６３－２１９７６７ 【出願日】昭和６３年（１９８８）９月１日 【特許権者】大和精工株式会社 【請求項１】積載された紙葉類の前部下面と当接していて所定角度回転することにより当接紙葉類を前方へ送出する送出しローラと、コインの投入によって駆動軸を所定角度だけ一方向に手動回動可能にする作動機構と、送出しローラの軸に遊嵌されていて駆動軸から動力が伝達される回転部材とが備えられ、前記回転部材と送出しローラ軸とには、一方に作動体が設けられ、他方には作動体と係合して回転部材の動力を送出しローラ軸に伝達して紙葉類をその前端が取出口から所定寸法突出するまで前方へ送出させる係合部と、所定寸法未満突出状態での紙葉類手動引出しによる送出しローラ軸逆駆動後に遊転を阻止すべく作動体と当接するストッパ部とが形成されていることを特徴とする紙葉類送出し装置。 ムシキング特許 ITmediaで「ムシキング特許を侵害」セガ、タイトー製品の販売中止求め仮処分申請 http //www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0511/04/news067.htmlとして紹介されていたセガ特許。 11月4日、タイトーの業務用ゲーム機「ダイノキングバトル CARD GAME」の製造販売中止を求める仮処分を東京地裁に申し立てたようです。タイトーといえば、スクエア・エニックスが親会社に当たりますが結構いい特許を持っています。昔のコナミｖｓジャレコ・ナムコのようにセガｖｓスクエア・エニックスで特許戦争が勃発するのでしょうか。 と思っていたら、2006/3/15に和解が発表されました。 特許3712122 【特許番号】特許第３７１２１２２号（Ｐ３７１２１２２） 【登録日】平成１７年８月２６日（２００５．８．２６） 【発明の名称】ゲーム装置及びコンピュータプログラム 【出願番号】特願２００２－２２９０４４（Ｐ２００２－２２９０４４） 【出願日】平成１４年８月６日（２００２．８．６） 【公開番号】特開２００４－６５５７１（Ｐ２００４－６５５７１Ａ） 【公開日】平成１６年３月４日（２００４．３．４） 【特許権者】株式会社セガ 【請求項１】 入力手段と、少なくとも二人のプレイヤによって対戦を行うゲームを実行するコンピュータプログラム実行手段と、前記コンピュータプログラム実行手段により生成された画像を表示する表示画面とを備えるゲーム装置であって、 対戦する前記プレイヤそれぞれによる操作によって選択されたキャラクタをそれぞれ前記表示画面上に表示する手段と、 相対的な優劣関係が巡回的に予め定められた３つの選択対象を表す「グー」「チョキ」「パー」のアイコンを、前記表示画面上の前記キャラクタにそれぞれ対応させて表示する手段と、 対戦に勝利したときに対戦相手のキャラクタに与えるダメージが、前記３つの選択対象のうち、１つの特定選択対象について他の２つの選択対象より大きくなるように設定する手段と、 前記特定選択対象を表すアイコンのサイズを、前記他の２つの選択対象を表すアイコンより大きく表示することにより、前記プレイヤそれぞれが対戦相手の選択した前記キャラクタに対応する前記特定選択対象を表すアイコンを互いに識別できるように視覚的に区別して表示する手段と、 対戦する前記プレイヤそれぞれによる前記入力手段の操作によって選択された選択対象を比較して優劣関係を判定する手段と、 前記優劣関係を判定する手段の判定に基づき、勝利したプレイヤが選択した選択対象に設定されたダメージを敗北した対戦相手のキャラクタに与える手段と を備えることを特徴するゲーム装置。 XML特許 ZDnetJapanのXMLの利用料金を支払え--特許権を主張する企業 http //japan.zdnet.com/news/ir/story/0,2000054251,20089449,00.htmで取り上げられていた米国特許。 ノースカロライナ州のScientigoは、XMLに関する特許2件（No. 5,842,213およびNo. 6,393,426）を知的財産ライセシング企業に委託して、ライセンシングを進めていくとのこと。 USP6,393,426はUS5,842,213の継続出願です。 United States Patent 6,393,426 USPTOの検索結果へ http //patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1 Sect2=HITOFF d=PALL p=1 u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm r=1 f=G l=50 s1=5,842,213.WKU.+6,393,426.WKU. OS=PN/5,842,213+OR+PN/6,393,426 RS=PN/5,842,213+OR+PN/6,393,426 United States Patent 6,393,426 Odom , et al. May 21, 2002 Method for modeling, storing and transferring data in neutral form Abstract The present invention simplifies the data modeling process and enables its full dynamic versioning by employing a non-hierarchical non-integrated structure to the organization of information. This is achieved by expressing data modeling, storage and transfer in a particular non-hierarchical, non-integrated neutral form. The neutral form of the present invention enables complete parallel processing of both data storage and data transfer operations. It also enables the direct integration of separate but related data models and their data without remodeling or reloading. Finally, the present invention enables direct transfer of neutral form information in a manner that includes all of the properties required to independently understand and interpret each transferred data value. Inventors Odom; Paul S. (Houston, TX); Massey; Michael J. (Houston, TX) Assignee Pliant Technologies, Inc. (Houston, TX) Appl. No. 341533 Filed July 9, 1999 PCT Filed January 28, 1998 PCT NO PCT/US98/01630 371 Date July 9, 1999 102(e) Date July 9, 1999 PCT PUB.NO. WO98/35317 PCT PUB. Date August 13, 1998 This application is a 371 of PCTUS98/01630 filed on Jan. 28, 1998 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/789,860 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,213, filed Jan. 28, 1997. Claims 1. A method of modeling a set of information for storage in neutral form in a computer based environment, comprising the steps of a) modeling the set of information into instance data sets, each composed of an instance cluster comprised of data instance nodes, each data instance node in an instance cluster containing an assigned distinguishing structural tag comprising (1) a data reference (2) a data type (3) a data organization; and b) each structural tag having defined components for each data value in each instance cluster. United States Patent 5,842,213 USPTOの検索結果へ http //patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1 Sect2=HITOFF d=PALL p=1 u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm r=2 f=G l=50 s1=5,842,213.WKU.+6,393,426.WKU. OS=PN/5,842,213+OR+PN/6,393,426 RS=PN/5,842,213+OR+PN/6,393,426 United States Patent 5,842,213 Odom , et al. November 24, 1998 Method for modeling, storing, and transferring data in neutral form Abstract The present invention simplifies the data modeling process and enables its full dynamic versioning by employing a non-hierarchical non-integrated structure to the organization of information. This is achieved by expressing data modeling, storage and transfer in a particular non-hierarchical, non-integrated neutral form. The neutral form of the present invention enables complete parallel processing of both data storage and data transfer operations. It also enables the direct integration of separate but related data models and their data without remodeling or reloading. Finally, the present invention enables direct transfer of neutral form information in a manner that includes all of the properties required to independently understand and interpret each transferred data value. Inventors Odom; Paul S. (17023 Evergreen Elm Way, Houston, TX 77059); Massey; Michael J. (3315 Plumb St., Houston, TX 77005) Appl. No. 789860 Filed January 28, 1997 Claims 1. A method of organizing and storing a set of information in neutral form in a computer based environment comprising the steps of a) organizing the set of information into instance data sets; b) defining a time basis for the collection of instance data sets; c) organizing each instance data set into an instance cluster comprised of data instance nodes; d) assigning to each data instance node in an instance cluster a distinguishing structural tag comprising the following three components a data reference; a data type; a data organization; e) defining the components of the structural tag for each data value in each instance cluster; f) assigning properties of the data value to each structural tag; g) storing the names of all of the structural tag elements together with their respective definitions and properties in a suitable format; h) combining each data value and its respective structural tag to form a neutral form expression of the data; and i) storing the resultant neutral form expression of the data value.
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ゲーム情報（登録されているタグ） ジャンル＞アイテム探し ジャンル＞パズル 製作会社＞不明 言語＞英語 コメント欄へ移動 ゲーム配布ページ 英語 http //www.bigfishgames.com/download-games/11601/echoes-of-sorrow/index.html 日本語 紹介文 Listen to the Echoes of Sorrow and remember who you are as you explore your memories in this fun Hidden Object game! While being chased by a dark shadow, you trip and hit your head. Because of this amnesia, you must go through your past and relive your memories. Travel through time and stop the dark shadow that is still after you! Gorgeous graphics Fantastic gameplay Listen to the Echoes of Sorrow! Check out our Blog Walkthrough 画像 « » var ppvArray_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51 = new Array(); ppvArray_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51[0] = http //w.atwiki.jp/bfgmatome/?cmd=upload&act=open&page=Echoes+of+Sorrow&file=en_echoes-of-sorrow-screen1.jpg ; window.onload=function(){ ppvShow_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51(0); }; function ppvShow_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51(n){ if(!ppvArray_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51[n]){ alert( 画像がありません ); return; } ppv_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51$( ppv_img_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51 ).src=ppvArray_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51[n]; ppv_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51$( ppv_link_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51 ).href=ppvArray_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51[n]; ppv_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51$( ppv_prev_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51 ).href= javascript ppvShow_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51( +(n-1)+ ) ; ppv_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51$( ppv_next_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51 ).href= javascript ppvShow_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51( +(n+1)+ ) ; } function ppv_0_9643fb573dbf1fef7734064927d65c51$(){ var elements = new Array(); for (var i = 0; i arguments.length; i++){ var element = arguments[i]; if (typeof element == string ) element = document.getElementById(element); if (arguments.length == 1) return element; elements.push(element); } return elements; } 備考 レス一覧 492 名前： 名無しさんの野望 [sage] 投稿日： 2011/04/15(金) 23 46 22.27 ID S7w+vczE echoes of sorrowの修正版ってまだなんだな 面白そうだから早くやりたい 505 名前： 名無しさんの野望 投稿日： 2011/04/16(土) 15 28 20.26 ID gTc8YTV1 . 492 一応来てたが文字の修正のみで、起動できない件については修正されてない。 リリースされてから1ヶ月近く経ってるけど、また修正版出してくれないかな。 . 488 今朝修正版が来てたよ。実際にその問題が修正されたかどうかはまだやってないけど。 コメント コメント すべてのコメントを見る トップページに戻る
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Armor of the Tempest 日本語訳：アーマー オブ ザ テンペスト 性能 180 Armor 19% Cold Resistance 15% Lightning Resistance +10 Strength +10 Dexterity +42 Defensive Ability +2 to Thunderball +1 to all skills in Storm Mastery 「テンペスト」セットの一つ Required Player Level 34 Required Strength 415 解説
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CHAPTER XXX UP CHAPTER XXXII CHAPTER XXXI Where the Brook and River Meet Anne had her "good" summer and enjoyed it wholeheartedly. She and Diana fairly lived outdoors, reveling in all the delights that Lover s Lane and the Dryad s Bubble and Willowmere and Victoria Island afforded. Marilla offered no objections to Anne s gypsyings. The Spencervale doctor who had come the night Minnie May had the croup met Anne at the house of a patient one afternoon early in vacation, looked her over sharply, screwed up his mouth, shook his head, and sent a message to Marilla Cuthbert by another person. It was "Keep that redheaded girl of yours in the open air all summer and don t let her read books until she gets more spring into her step." This message frightened Marilla wholesomely. She read Anne s death warrant by consumption in it unless it was scrupulously obeyed. As a result, Anne had the golden summer of her life as far as freedom and frolic went. She walked, rowed, berried, and dreamed to her heart s content; and when September came she was bright-eyed and alert, with a step that would have satisfied the Spencervale doctor and a heart full of ambition and zest once more. "I feel just like studying with might and main," she declared as she brought her books down from the attic. "Oh, you good old friends, I m glad to see your honest faces once more--yes, even you, geometry. I ve had a perfectly beautiful summer, Marilla, and now I m rejoicing as a strong man to run a race, as Mr. Allan said last Sunday. Doesn t Mr. Allan preach magnificent sermons? Mrs. Lynde says he is improving every day and the first thing we know some city church will gobble him up and then we ll be left and have to turn to and break in another green preacher. But I don t see the use of meeting trouble halfway, do you, Marilla? I think it would be better just to enjoy Mr. Allan while we have him. If I were a man I think I d be a minister. They can have such an influence for good, if their theology is sound; and it must be thrilling to preach splendid sermons and stir your hearers hearts. Why can t women be ministers, Marilla? I asked Mrs. Lynde that and she was shocked and said it would be a scandalous thing. She said there might be female ministers in the States and she believed there was, but thank goodness we hadn t got to that stage in Canada yet and she hoped we never would. But I don t see why. I think women would make splendid ministers. When there is a social to be got up or a church tea or anything else to raise money the women have to turn to and do the work. I m sure Mrs. Lynde can pray every bit as well as Superintendent Bell and I ve no doubt she could preach too with a little practice." "Yes, I believe she could," said Marilla dryly. "She does plenty of unofficial preaching as it is. Nobody has much of a chance to go wrong in Avonlea with Rachel to oversee them." "Marilla," said Anne in a burst of confidence, "I want to tell you something and ask you what you think about it. It has worried me terribly--on Sunday afternoons, that is, when I think specially about such matters. I do really want to be good; and when I m with you or Mrs. Allan or Miss Stacy I want it more than ever and I want to do just what would please you and what you would approve of. But mostly when I m with Mrs. Lynde I feel desperately wicked and as if I wanted to go and do the very thing she tells me I oughtn t to do. I feel irresistibly tempted to do it. Now, what do you think is the reason I feel like that? Do you think it s because I m really bad and unregenerate?" Marilla looked dubious for a moment. Then she laughed. "If you are I guess I am too, Anne, for Rachel often has that very effect on me. I sometimes think she d have more of an influence for good, as you say yourself, if she didn t keep nagging people to do right. There should have been a special commandment against nagging. But there, I shouldn t talk so. Rachel is a good Christian woman and she means well. There isn t a kinder soul in Avonlea and she never shirks her share of work." "I m very glad you feel the same," said Anne decidedly. "It s so encouraging. I shan t worry so much over that after this. But I dare say there ll be other things to worry me. They keep coming up new all the time--things to perplex you, you know. You settle one question and there s another right after. There are so many things to be thought over and decided when you re beginning to grow up. It keeps me busy all the time thinking them over and deciding what is right. It s a serious thing to grow up, isn t it, Marilla? But when I have such good friends as you and Matthew and Mrs. Allan and Miss Stacy I ought to grow up successfully, and I m sure it will be my own fault if I don t. I feel it s a great responsibility because I have only the one chance. If I don t grow up right I can t go back and begin over again. I ve grown two inches this summer, Marilla. Mr. Gillis measured me at Ruby s party. I m so glad you made my new dresses longer. That dark-green one is so pretty and it was sweet of you to put on the flounce. Of course I know it wasn t really necessary, but flounces are so stylish this fall and Josie Pye has flounces on all her dresses. I know I ll be able to study better because of mine. I shall have such a comfortable feeling deep down in my mind about that flounce." "It s worth something to have that," admitted Marilla. Miss Stacy came back to Avonlea school and found all her pupils eager for work once more. Especially did the Queen s class gird up their loins for the fray, for at the end of the coming year, dimly shadowing their pathway already, loomed up that fateful thing known as "the Entrance," at the thought of which one and all felt their hearts sink into their very shoes. Suppose they did not pass! That thought was doomed to haunt Anne through the waking hours of that winter, Sunday afternoons inclusive, to the almost entire exclusion of moral and theological problems. When Anne had bad dreams she found herself staring miserably at pass lists of the Entrance exams, where Gilbert Blythe s name was blazoned at the top and in which hers did not appear at all. But it was a jolly, busy, happy swift-flying winter. Schoolwork was as interesting, class rivalry as absorbing, as of yore. New worlds of thought, feeling, and ambition, fresh, fascinating fields of unexplored knowledge seemed to be opening out before Anne s eager eyes. "Hills peeped o er hill and Alps on Alps arose." Much of all this was due to Miss Stacy s tactful, careful, broadminded guidance. She led her class to think and explore and discover for themselves and encouraged straying from the old beaten paths to a degree that quite shocked Mrs. Lynde and the school trustees, who viewed all innovations on established methods rather dubiously. Apart from her studies Anne expanded socially, for Marilla, mindful of the Spencervale doctor s dictum, no longer vetoed occasional outings. The Debating Club flourished and gave several concerts; there were one or two parties almost verging on grown-up affairs; there were sleigh drives and skating frolics galore. Betweentimes Anne grew, shooting up so rapidly that Marilla was astonished one day, when they were standing side by side, to find the girl was taller than herself. "Why, Anne, how you ve grown!" she said, almost unbelievingly. A sigh followed on the words. Marilla felt a queer regret over Anne s inches. The child she had learned to love had vanished somehow and here was this tall, serious-eyed girl of fifteen, with the thoughtful brows and the proudly poised little head, in her place. Marilla loved the girl as much as she had loved the child, but she was conscious of a queer sorrowful sense of loss. And that night, when Anne had gone to prayer meeting with Diana, Marilla sat alone in the wintry twilight and indulged in the weakness of a cry. Matthew, coming in with a lantern, caught her at it and gazed at her in such consternation that Marilla had to laugh through her tears. "I was thinking about Anne," she explained. "She s got to be such a big girl--and she ll probably be away from us next winter. I ll miss her terrible." "She ll be able to come home often," comforted Matthew, to whom Anne was as yet and always would be the little, eager girl he had brought home from Bright River on that June evening four years before. "The branch railroad will be built to Carmody by that time." "It won t be the same thing as having her here all the time," sighed Marilla gloomily, determined to enjoy her luxury of grief uncomforted. "But there--men can t understand these things!" There were other changes in Anne no less real than the physical change. For one thing, she became much quieter. Perhaps she thought all the more and dreamed as much as ever, but she certainly talked less. Marilla noticed and commented on this also. "You don t chatter half as much as you used to, Anne, nor use half as many big words. What has come over you?" Anne colored and laughed a little, as she dropped her book and looked dreamily out of the window, where big fat red buds were bursting out on the creeper in response to the lure of the spring sunshine. "I don t know--I don t want to talk as much," she said, denting her chin thoughtfully with her forefinger. "It s nicer to think dear, pretty thoughts and keep them in one s heart, like treasures. I don t like to have them laughed at or wondered over. And somehow I don t want to use big words any more. It s almost a pity, isn t it, now that I m really growing big enough to say them if I did want to. It s fun to be almost grown up in some ways, but it s not the kind of fun I expected, Marilla. There s so much to learn and do and think that there isn t time for big words. Besides, Miss Stacy says the short ones are much stronger and better. She makes us write all our essays as simply as possible. It was hard at first. I was so used to crowding in all the fine big words I could think of--and I thought of any number of them. But I ve got used to it now and I see it s so much better." "What has become of your story club? I haven t heard you speak of it for a long time." "The story club isn t in existence any longer. We hadn t time for it--and anyhow I think we had got tired of it. It was silly to be writing about love and murder and elopements and mysteries. Miss Stacy sometimes has us write a story for training in composition, but she won t let us write anything but what might happen in Avonlea in our own lives, and she criticizes it very sharply and makes us criticize our own too. I never thought my compositions had so many faults until I began to look for them myself. I felt so ashamed I wanted to give up altogether, but Miss Stacy said I could learn to write well if I only trained myself to be my own severest critic. And so I am trying to." "You ve only two more months before the Entrance," said Marilla. "Do you think you ll be able to get through?" Anne shivered. "I don t know. Sometimes I think I ll be all right--and then I get horribly afraid. We ve studied hard and Miss Stacy has drilled us thoroughly, but we mayn t get through for all that. We ve each got a stumbling block. Mine is geometry of course, and Jane s is Latin, and Ruby and Charlie s is algebra, and Josie s is arithmetic. Moody Spurgeon says he feels it in his bones that he is going to fail in English history. Miss Stacy is going to give us examinations in June just as hard as we ll have at the Entrance and mark us just as strictly, so we ll have some idea. I wish it was all over, Marilla. It haunts me. Sometimes I wake up in the night and wonder what I ll do if I don t pass." "Why, go to school next year and try again," said Marilla unconcernedly. "Oh, I don t believe I d have the heart for it. It would be such a disgrace to fail, especially if Gil--if the others passed. And I get so nervous in an examination that I m likely to make a mess of it. I wish I had nerves like Jane Andrews. Nothing rattles her." Anne sighed and, dragging her eyes from the witcheries of the spring world, the beckoning day of breeze and blue, and the green things upspringing in the garden, buried herself resolutely in her book. There would be other springs, but if she did not succeed in passing the Entrance, Anne felt convinced that she would never recover sufficiently to enjoy them. CHAPTER XXX UP CHAPTER XXXII 今日 - | 昨日 - | Total - since 05 June 2007 last update 2007-06-05 01 17 59 (Tue)
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Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-1 Contents Top Chapter I.序論(Introductory) Chapter II.戦争以前のヨーロッパ(Europe before the War) Chapter III.会議(The Conference) Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-1 Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-2 Chapter IV.条約(The Treaty)-3 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-1 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-2 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-3 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-4 Chapter V.賠償(Reparation)-5 Chapter VI.条約後のヨーロッパ(Europe after the Treaty)-5 Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-1 Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-2 Chapter VII.救済策(Remedies)-1 It is difficult to maintain true perspective in large affairs. I have criticized the work of Paris, and have depicted in somber colors the condition and the prospects of Europe. This is one aspect of the position and, I believe, a true one. But in so complex a phenomenon the prognostics do not all point one way; and we may make the error of expecting consequences to follow too swiftly and too inevitably from what perhaps are not all the relevant causes. The blackness of the prospect itself leads us to doubt its accuracy; our imagination is dulled rather than stimulated by too woeful a narration, and our minds rebound from what is felt "too bad to be true." But before the reader allows himself to be too much swayed by these natural reflections, and before I lead him, as is the intention of this chapter, towards remedies and ameliorations and the discovery of happier tendencies, let him redress the balance of his thought by recalling two contrasts—England and Russia, of which the one may encourage his optimism too much, but the other should remind him that catastrophes can still happen, and that modern society is not immune from the very greatest evils. In the chapters of this book I have not generally had in mind the situation or the problems of England. "Europe" in my narration must generally be interpreted to exclude the British Isles. England is in a state of transition, and her economic problems are serious. We may be on the eve of great changes in her social and industrial structure. Some of us may welcome such prospects and some of us deplore them. But they are of a different kind altogether from those impending on Europe. I do not perceive in England the slightest possibility of catastrophe or any serious likelihood of a general upheaval of society. The war has impoverished us, but not seriously;—I should judge that the real wealth of the country in 1919 is at least equal to what it was in 1900. Our balance of trade is adverse, but not so much so that the readjustment of it need disorder our economic life.[157] The deficit in our Budget is large, but not beyond what firm and prudent statesmanship could bridge. The shortening of the hours of labor may have somewhat diminished our productivity. But it should not be too much to hope that this is a feature of transition, and no due who is acquainted with the British workingman can doubt that, if it suits him, and if he is in sympathy and reasonable contentment with the conditions of his life, he can produce at least as much in a shorter working day as he did in the longer hours which prevailed formerly. The most serious problems for England have been brought to a head by the war, but are in their origins more fundamental. The forces of the nineteenth century have run their course and are exhausted. The economic motives and ideals of that generation no longer satisfy us we must find a new way and must suffer again the malaise, and finally the pangs, of a new industrial birth. This is one element. The other is that on which I have enlarged in Chapter II.;—the increase in the real cost of food and the diminishing response of nature to any further increase in the population of the world, a tendency which must be especially injurious to the greatest of all industrial countries and the most dependent on imported supplies of food. But these secular problems are such as no age is free from. They are of an altogether different order from those which may afflict the peoples of Central Europe. Those readers who, chiefly mindful of the British conditions with which they are familiar, are apt to indulge their optimism, and still more those whose immediate environment is American, must cast their minds to Russia, Turkey, Hungary, or Austria, where the most dreadful material evils which men can suffer—famine, cold, disease, war, murder, and anarchy—are an actual present experience, if they are to apprehend the character of the misfortunes against the further extension of which it must surely be our duty to seek the remedy, if there is one. What then is to be done? The tentative suggestions of this chapter may appear to the reader inadequate. But the opportunity was missed at Paris during the six months which followed the Armistice, and nothing we can do now can repair the mischief wrought at that time. Great privation and great risks to society have become unavoidable. All that is now open to us is to redirect, so far as lies in our power, the fundamental economic tendencies which underlie the events of the hour, so that they promote the re-establishment of prosperity and order, instead of leading us deeper into misfortune. We must first escape from the atmosphere and the methods of Paris. Those who controlled the Conference may bow before the gusts of popular opinion, but they will never lead us out of our troubles. It is hardly to be supposed that the Council of Four can retrace their steps, even if they wished to do so. The replacement of the existing Governments of Europe is, therefore, an almost indispensable preliminary. I propose then to discuss a program, for those who believe that the Peace of Versailles cannot stand, under the following heads The Revision of the Treaty. The settlement of inter-Ally indebtedness. An international loan and the reform of the currency. The relations of Central Europe to Russia. 1. The Revision of the Treaty Are any constitutional means open to us for altering the Treaty? President Wilson and General Smuts, who believe that to have secured the Covenant of the League of Nations outweighs much evil in the rest of the Treaty, have indicated that we must look to the League for the gradual evolution of a more tolerable life for Europe. "There are territorial settlements," General Smuts wrote in his statement on signing the Peace Treaty, "which will need revision. There are guarantees laid down which we all hope will soon be found out of harmony with the new peaceful temper and unarmed state of our former enemies. There are punishments foreshadowed over most of which a calmer mood may yet prefer to pass the sponge of oblivion. There are indemnities stipulated which cannot be enacted without grave injury to the industrial revival of Europe, and which it will be in the interests of all to render more tolerable and moderate.... I am confident that the League of Nations will yet prove the path of escape for Europe out of the ruin brought about by this war." Without the League, President Wilson informed the Senate when he presented the Treaty to them early in July, 1919, "...long-continued supervision of the task of reparation which Germany was to undertake to complete within the next generation might entirely break down;[158] the reconsideration and revision of administrative arrangements and restrictions which the Treaty prescribed, but which it recognized might not provide lasting advantage or be entirely fair if too long enforced, would be impracticable." Can we look forward with fair hopes to securing from the operation of the League those benefits which two of its principal begetters thus encourage us to expect from it? The relevant passage is to be found in Article XIX. of the Covenant, which runs as follows "The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the world." But alas! Article V. provides that "Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of the League represented at the meeting." Does not this provision reduce the League, so far as concerns an early reconsideration of any of the terms of the Peace Treaty, into a body merely for wasting time? If all the parties to the Treaty are unanimously of opinion that it requires alteration in a particular sense, it does not need a League and a Covenant to put the business through. Even when the Assembly of the League is unanimous it can only "advise" reconsideration by the members specially affected. But the League will operate, say its supporters, by its influence on the public opinion of the world, and the view of the majority will carry decisive weight in practice, even though constitutionally it is of no effect. Let us pray that this be so. Yet the League in the hands of the trained European diplomatist may become an unequaled instrument for obstruction and delay. The revision of Treaties is entrusted primarily, not to the Council, which meets frequently, but to the Assembly, which will meet more rarely and must become, as any one with an experience of large Inter-Ally Conferences must know, an unwieldy polyglot debating society in which the greatest resolution and the best management may fail altogether to bring issues to a head against an opposition in favor of the status quo. There are indeed two disastrous blots on the Covenant,—Article V., which prescribes unanimity, and the much-criticized Article X., by which "The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League." These two Articles together go some way to destroy the conception of the League as an instrument of progress, and to equip it from the outset with an almost fatal bias towards the status quo. It is these Articles which have reconciled to the League some of its original opponents, who now hope to make of it another Holy Alliance for the perpetuation of the economic ruin of their enemies and the Balance of Power in their own interests which they believe themselves to have established by the Peace. But while it would be wrong and foolish to conceal from ourselves in the interests of "idealism" the real difficulties of the position in the special matter of revising treaties, that is no reason for any of us to decry the League, which the wisdom of the world may yet transform into a powerful instrument of peace, and which in Articles XI.-XVII.[159] has already accomplished a great and beneficent achievement. I agree, therefore, that our first efforts for the Revision of the Treaty must be made through the League rather than in any other way, in the hope that the force of general opinion and, if necessary, the use of financial pressure and financial inducements, may be enough to prevent a recalcitrant minority from exercising their right of veto. We must trust the new Governments, whose existence I premise in the principal Allied countries, to show a profounder wisdom and a greater magnanimity than their predecessors. We have seen in Chapters IV. and V. that there are numerous particulars in which the Treaty is objectionable. I do not intend to enter here into details, or to attempt a revision of the Treaty clause by clause. I limit myself to three great changes which are necessary for the economic life of Europe, relating to Reparation, to Coal and Iron, and to Tariffs. Reparation.—If the sum demanded for Reparation is less than what the Allies are entitled to on a strict interpretation of their engagements, it is unnecessary to particularize the items it represents or to hear arguments about its compilation. I suggest, therefore, the following settlement — (1) The amount of the payment to be made by Germany in respect of Reparation and the costs of the Armies of Occupation might be fixed at $10,000,000,000. (2) The surrender of merchant ships and submarine cables under the Treaty, of war material under the Armistice, of State property in ceded territory, of claims against such territory in respect of public debt, and of Germany s claims against her former Allies, should be reckoned as worth the lump sum of $2,500,000,000, without any attempt being made to evaluate them item by item. (3) The balance of $7,500,000,000 should not carry interest pending its repayment, and should be paid by Germany in thirty annual instalments of $250,000,000, beginning in 1923. (4) The Reparation Commission should be dissolved, or, if any duties remain for it to perform, it should become an appanage of the League of Nations and should include representatives of Germany and of the neutral States. (5) Germany would be left to meet the annual instalments in such manner as she might see fit, any complaint against her for non-fulfilment of her obligations being lodged with the League of Nations. That is to say, there would be no further expropriation of German private property abroad, except so far as is required to meet private German obligations out of the proceeds of such property already liquidated or in the hands of Public Trustees and Enemy Property Custodians in the Allied countries and in the United States; and, in particular, Article 260 (which provides for the expropriation of German interests in public utility enterprises) would be abrogated. (6) No attempt should be made to extract Reparation payments from Austria. Coal and Iron.—(1) The Allies options on coal under Annex V. should be abandoned, but Germany s obligation to make good France s loss of coal through the destruction of her mines should remain. That is to say, Germany should undertake "to deliver to France annually for a period not exceeding ten years an amount of coal equal to the difference between the annual production before the war of the coal mines of the Nord and Pas de Calais, destroyed as a result of the war, and the production of the mines of the same area during the years in question; such delivery not to exceed twenty million tons in any one year of the first five years, and eight million tons in any one year of the succeeding five years." This obligation should lapse, nevertheless, in the event of the coal districts of Upper Silesia being taken from Germany in the final settlement consequent on the plebiscite. (2) The arrangement as to the Saar should hold good, except that, on the one hand, Germany should receive no credit for the mines, and, on the other, should receive back both the mines and the territory without payment and unconditionally after ten years. But this should be conditional on France s entering into an agreement for the same period to supply Germany from Lorraine with at least 50 per cent of the iron-ore which was carried from Lorraine into Germany proper before the war, in return for an undertaking from Germany to supply Lorraine with an amount of coal equal to the whole amount formerly sent to Lorraine from Germany proper, after allowing for the output of the Saar. (3) The arrangement as to Upper Silesia should hold good. That is to say, a plebiscite should be held, and in coming to a final decision "regard will be paid (by the principal Allied and Associated Powers) to the wishes of the inhabitants as shown by the vote, and to the geographical and economic conditions of the locality." But the Allies should declare that in their judgment "economic conditions" require the inclusion of the coal districts in Germany unless the wishes of the inhabitants are decidedly to the contrary. (4) The Coal Commission already established by the Allies should become an appanage of the League of Nations, and should be enlarged to include representatives of Germany and the other States of Central and Eastern Europe, of the Northern Neutrals, and of Switzerland. Its authority should be advisory only, but should extend over the distribution of the coal supplies of Germany, Poland, and the constituent parts of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, and of the exportable surplus of the United Kingdom. All the States represented on the Commission should undertake to furnish it with the fullest information, and to be guided by its advice so far as their sovereignty and their vital interests permit. Tariffs.—A Free Trade Union should be established under the auspices of the League of Nations of countries undertaking to impose no protectionist tariffs[160] whatever against the produce of other members of the Union, Germany, Poland, the new States which formerly composed the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Empires, and the Mandated States should be compelled to adhere to this Union for ten years, after which time adherence would be voluntary. The adherence of other States would be voluntary from the outset. But it is to be hoped that the United Kingdom, at any rate, would become an original member. By fixing the Reparation payments well within Germany s capacity to pay, we make possible the renewal of hope and enterprise within her territory, we avoid the perpetual friction and opportunity of improper pressure arising out of Treaty clauses which are impossible of fulfilment, and we render unnecessary the intolerable powers of the Reparation Commission. By a moderation of the clauses relating directly or indirectly to coal, and by the exchange of iron-ore, we permit the continuance of Germany s industrial life, and put limits on the loss of productivity which would be brought about otherwise by the interference of political frontiers with the natural localization of the iron and steel industry. By the proposed Free Trade Union some part of the loss of organization and economic efficiency may be retrieved, which must otherwise result from the innumerable new political frontiers now created between greedy, jealous, immature, and economically incomplete nationalist States. Economic frontiers were tolerable so long as an immense territory was included in a few great Empires; but they will not be tolerable when the Empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey have been partitioned between some twenty independent authorities. A Free Trade Union, comprising the whole of Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe, Siberia, Turkey, and (I should hope) the United Kingdom, Egypt, and India, might do as much for the peace and prosperity of the world as the League of Nations itself. Belgium, Holland, Scandinavia, and Switzerland might be expected to adhere to it shortly. And it would be greatly to be desired by their friends that France and Italy also should see their way to adhesion. It would be objected, I suppose, by some critics that such an arrangement might go some way in effect towards realizing the former German dream of Mittel-Europa. If other countries were so foolish as to remain outside the Union and to leave to Germany all its advantages, there might be some truth in this. But an economic system, to which every one had the opportunity of belonging and which gave special privilege to none, is surely absolutely free from the objections of a privileged and avowedly imperialistic scheme of exclusion and discrimination. Our attitude to these criticisms must be determined by our whole moral and emotional reaction to the future of international relations and the Peace of the World. If we take the view that for at least a generation to come Germany cannot be trusted with even a modicum of prosperity, that while all our recent Allies are angels of light, all our recent enemies, Germans, Austrians, Hungarians, and the rest, are children of the devil, that year by year Germany must be kept impoverished and her children starved and crippled, and that she must be ringed round by enemies; then we shall reject all the proposals of this chapter, and particularly those which may assist Germany to regain a part of her former material prosperity and find a means of livelihood for the industrial population of her towns. But if this view of nations and of their relation to one another is adopted by the democracies of Western Europe, and is financed by the United States, heaven help us all. If we aim deliberately at the impoverishment of Central Europe, vengeance, I dare predict, will not limp. Nothing can then delay for very long that final civil war between the forces of Reaction and the despairing convulsions of Revolution, before which the horrors of the late German war will fade into nothing, and which will destroy, whoever is victor, the civilization and the progress of our generation. Even though the result disappoint us, must we not base our actions on better expectations, and believe that the prosperity and happiness of one country promotes that of others, that the solidarity of man is not a fiction, and that nations can still afford to treat other nations as fellow-creatures? Such changes as I have proposed above might do something appreciable to enable the industrial populations of Europe to continue to earn a livelihood. But they would not be enough by themselves. In particular, France would be a loser on paper (on paper only, for she will never secure the actual fulfilment of her present claims), and an escape from her embarrassments must be shown her in some other direction. I proceed, therefore, to proposals, first, for the adjustment of the claims of America and the Allies amongst themselves; and second, for the provision of sufficient credit to enable Europe to re-create her stock of circulating capital. 2. The Settlement of Inter-Ally Indebtedness In proposing a modification of the Reparation terms, I have considered them so far only in relation to Germany. But fairness requires that so great a reduction in the amount should be accompanied by a readjustment of its apportionment between the Allies themselves, The professions which our statesmen made on every platform during the war, as well as other considerations, surely require that the areas damaged by the enemy s invasion should receive a priority of compensation. While this was one of the ultimate objects for which we said we were fighting, we never included the recovery of separation allowances amongst our war aims. I suggest, therefore, that we should by our acts prove ourselves sincere and trustworthy, and that accordingly Great Britain should waive altogether her claims for cash payment in favor of Belgium, Serbia, and France. The whole of the payments made by Germany would then be subject to the prior charge of repairing the material injury done to those countries and provinces which suffered actual invasion by the enemy; and I believe that the sum of $7,500,000,000 thus available would be adequate to cover entirely the actual costs of restoration. Further, it is only by a complete subordination of her own claims for cash compensation that Great Britain can ask with clean hands for a revision of the Treaty and clear her honor from the breach of faith for which she bears the main responsibility, as a result of the policy to which the General Election of 1918 pledged her representatives. With the Reparation problem thus cleared up it would be possible to bring forward with a better grace and more hope of success two other financial proposals, each of which involves an appeal to the generosity of the United States. The first is for the entire cancellation of Inter-Ally indebtedness (that is to say, indebtedness between the Governments of the Allied and Associated countries) incurred for the purposes of the war. This proposal, which has been put forward already in certain quarters, is one which I believe to be absolutely essential to the future prosperity of the world. It would be an act of far-seeing statesmanship for the United Kingdom and the United States, the two Powers chiefly concerned, to adopt it. The sums of money which are involved are shown approximately in the following table —[161] Loans toBy United StatesBy United KingdomBy FranceTotal Million Dollars Million Dollars Million Dollars Million Dollars United Kingdom 4,210 .... .... 4,210 France 2,750 2,540 .... 5,290 Italy 1,625 2,335 175 4,135 Russia 190 2,840[162] 800 3,830 Belgium 400 490[163] 450 1,340 Serbia and Jugo-Slavia 100 100[163] 100 300 Other Allies 175 395 250 820 Total 9,450[164] 8,700 1,775 19,925 Thus the total volume of Inter-Ally indebtedness, assuming that loans from one Ally are not set off against loans to another, is nearly $20,000,000,000. The United States is a lender only. The United Kingdom has lent about twice as much as she has borrowed. France has borrowed about three times as much as she has lent. The other Allies have been borrowers only. If all the above Inter-Ally indebtedness were mutually forgiven, the net result on paper (i.e. assuming all the loans to be good) would be a surrender by the United States of about $10,000,000,000 and by the United Kingdom of about $4,500,000,000. France would gain about $3,500,000,000 and Italy about $4,000,000,000. But these figures overstate the loss to the United Kingdom and understate the gain to France; for a large part of the loans made by both these countries has been to Russia and cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be considered good. If the loans which the United Kingdom has made to her Allies are reckoned to be worth 50 per cent of their full value (an arbitrary but convenient assumption which the Chancellor of the Exchequer has adopted on more than one occasion as being as good as any other for the purposes of an approximate national balance sheet), the operation would involve her neither in loss nor in gain. But in whatever way the net result is calculated on paper, the relief in anxiety which such a liquidation of the position would carry with it would be very great. It is from the United States, therefore, that the proposal asks generosity. Speaking with a very intimate knowledge of the relations throughout the war between the British, the American, and the other Allied Treasuries, I believe this to be an act of generosity for which Europe can fairly ask, provided Europe is making an honorable attempt in other directions, not to continue war, economic or otherwise, but to achieve the economic reconstitution of the whole Continent, The financial sacrifices of the United States have been, in proportion to her wealth, immensely less than those of the European States. This could hardly have been otherwise. It was a European quarrel, in which the United States Government could not have justified itself before its citizens in expending the whole national strength, as did the Europeans. After the United States came into the war her financial assistance was lavish and unstinted, and without this assistance the Allies could never have won the war,[165] quite apart from the decisive influence of the arrival of the American troops. Europe, too, should never forget the extraordinary assistance afforded her during the first six months of 1919 through the agency of Mr. Hoover and the American Commission of Relief. Never was a nobler work of disinterested goodwill carried through with more tenacity and sincerity and skill, and with less thanks either asked or given. The ungrateful Governments of Europe owe much more to the statesmanship and insight of Mr. Hoover and his band of American workers than they have yet appreciated or will ever acknowledge. The American Relief Commission, and they only, saw the European position during those months in its true perspective and felt towards it as men should. It was their efforts, their energy, and the American resources placed by the President at their disposal, often acting in the teeth of European obstruction, which not only saved an immense amount of human suffering, but averted a widespread breakdown of the European system.[166] But in speaking thus as we do of American financial assistance, we tacitly assume, and America, I believe, assumed it too when she gave the money, that it was not in the nature of an investment. If Europe is going to repay the $10,000,000,000 worth of financial assistance which she has had from the United States with compound interest at 5 per cent, the matter takes on quite a different complexion. If America s advances are to be regarded in this light, her relative financial sacrifice has been very slight indeed. Controversies as to relative sacrifice are very barren and very foolish also; for there is no reason in the world why relative sacrifice should necessarily be equal,—so many other very relevant considerations being quite different in the two cases. The two or three facts following are put forward, therefore, not to suggest that they provide any compelling argument for Americans, but only to show that from his own selfish point of view an Englishman is not seeking to avoid due sacrifice on his country s part in making the present suggestion. (1) The sums which the British Treasury borrowed from the American Treasury, after the latter came into the war, were approximately offset by the sums which England lent to her other Allies during the same period (i.e. excluding sums lent before the United States came into the war); so that almost the whole of England s indebtedness to the United States was incurred, not on her own account, but to enable her to assist the rest of her Allies, who were for various reasons not in a position to draw their assistance from the United States direct.[167] (2) The United Kingdom has disposed of about $5,000,000,000 worth of her foreign securities, and in addition has incurred foreign debt to the amount of about $6,000,000,000. The United States, so far from selling, has bought back upwards of $5,000,000,000, and has incurred practically no foreign debt. (3) The population of the United Kingdom is about one-half that of the United States, the income about one-third, and the accumulated wealth between one-half and one-third. The financial capacity of the United Kingdom may therefore be put at about two-fifths that of the United States. This figure enables us to make the following comparison —Excluding loans to Allies in each case (as is right on the assumption that these loans are to be repaid), the war expenditure of the United Kingdom has been about three times that of the United Sates, or in proportion to capacity between seven and eight times. Having cleared this issue out of the way as briefly as possible, I turn to the broader issues of the future relations between the parties to the late war, by which the present proposal must primarily be judged. Failing such a settlement as is now proposed, the war will have ended with a network of heavy tribute payable from one Ally to another. The total amount of this tribute is even likely to exceed the amount obtainable from the enemy; and the war will have ended with the intolerable result of the Allies paying indemnities to one another instead of receiving them from the enemy. For this reason the question of Inter-Allied indebtedness is closely bound up with the intense popular feeling amongst the European Allies on the question of indemnities,—a feeling which is based, not on any reasonable calculation of what Germany can, in fact, pay, but on a well-founded appreciation of the unbearable financial situation in which these countries will find themselves unless she pays. Take Italy as an extreme example. If Italy can reasonably be expected to pay $4,000,000,000, surely Germany can and ought to pay an immeasurably higher figure. Or if it is decided (as it must be) that Austria can pay next to nothing, is it not an intolerable conclusion that Italy should be loaded with a crushing tribute, while Austria escapes? Or, to put it slightly differently, how can Italy be expected to submit to payment of this great sum and see Czecho-Slovakia pay little or nothing? At the other end of the scale there is the United Kingdom. Here the financial position is different, since to ask us to pay $4,000,000,000 is a very different proposition from asking Italy to pay it. But the sentiment is much the same. If we have to be satisfied without full compensation from Germany, how bitter will be the protests against paying it to the United States. We, it will be said, have to be content with a claim against the bankrupt estates of Germany, France, Italy, and Russia, whereas the United States has secured a first mortgage upon us. The case of France is at least as overwhelming. She can barely secure from Germany the full measure of the destruction of her countryside. Yet victorious France must pay her friends and Allies more than four times the indemnity which in the defeat of 1870 she paid Germany. The hand of Bismarck was light compared with that of an Ally or of an Associate. A settlement of Inter-Ally indebtedness is, therefore, an indispensable preliminary to the peoples of the Allied countries facing, with other than a maddened and exasperated heart, the inevitable truth about the prospects of an indemnity from the enemy. It might be an exaggeration to say that it is impossible for the European Allies to pay the capital and interest due from them on these debts, but to make them do so would certainly be to impose a crushing burden. They may be expected, therefore, to make constant attempts to evade or escape payment, and these attempts will be a constant source of international friction and ill-will for many years to come. A debtor nation does not love its creditor, and it is fruitless to expect feelings of goodwill from France, Italy, and Russia towards this country or towards America, if their future development is stifled for many years to come by the annual tribute which they must pay us. There will be a great incentive to them to seek their friends in other directions, and any future rupture of peaceable relations will always carry with it the enormous advantage of escaping the payment of external debts, if, on the other hand, these great debts are forgiven, a stimulus will be given to the solidarity and true friendliness of the nations lately associated. The existence of the great war debts is a menace to financial stability everywhere. There is no European country in which repudiation may not soon become an important political issue. In the case of internal debt, however, there are interested parties on both sides, and the question is one of the internal distribution of wealth. With external debts this is not so, and the creditor nations may soon find their interest inconveniently bound up with the maintenance of a particular type of government or economic organization in the debtor countries. Entangling alliances or entangling leagues are nothing to the entanglements of cash owing. The final consideration influencing the reader s attitude to this proposal must, however, depend on his view as to the future place in the world s progress of the vast paper entanglements which are our legacy from war finance both at home and abroad. The war has ended with every one owing every one else immense sums of money. Germany owes a large sum to the Allies, the Allies owe a large sum to Great Britain, and Great Britain owes a large sum to the United States. The holders of war loan in every country are owed a large sum by the State, and the State in its turn is owed a large sum by these and other taxpayers. The whole position is in the highest degree artificial, misleading, and vexatious. We shall never be able to move again, unless we can free our limbs from these paper shackles. A general bonfire is so great a necessity that unless we can make of it an orderly and good-tempered affair in which no serious injustice is done to any one, it will, when it comes at last, grow into a conflagration that may destroy much else as well. As regards internal debt, I am one of those who believe that a capital levy for the extinction of debt is an absolute prerequisite of sound finance in everyone of the European belligerent countries. But the continuance on a huge scale of indebtedness between Governments has special dangers of its own. Before the middle of the nineteenth century no nation owed payments to a foreign nation on any considerable scale, except such tributes as were exacted under the compulsion of actual occupation in force and, at one time, by absentee princes under the sanctions of feudalism. It is true that the need for European capitalism to find an outlet in the New World has led during the past fifty years, though even now on a relatively modest scale, to such countries as Argentine owing an annual sum to such countries as England. But the system is fragile; and it has only survived because its burden on the paying countries has not so far been oppressive, because this burden is represented by real assets and is bound up with the property system generally, and because the sums already lent are not unduly large in relation to those which it is still hoped to borrow. Bankers are used to this system, and believe it to be a necessary part of the permanent order of society. They are disposed to believe, therefore, by analogy with it, that a comparable system between Governments, on a far vaster and definitely oppressive scale, represented by no real assets, and less closely associated with the property system, is natural and reasonable and in conformity with human nature. I doubt this view of the world. Even capitalism at home, which engages many local sympathies, which plays a real part in the daily process of production, and upon the security of which the present organization of society largely depends, is not very safe. But however this may be, will the discontented peoples of Europe be willing for a generation to come so to order their lives that an appreciable part of their daily produce may be available to meet a foreign payment, the reason of which, whether as between Europe and America, or as between Germany and the rest of Europe, does not spring compellingly from their sense of justice or duty? On the one hand, Europe must depend in the long run on her own daily labor and not on the largesse of America; but, on the other hand, she will not pinch herself in order that the fruit of her daily labor may go elsewhere. In short, I do not believe that any of these tributes will continue to be paid, at the best, for more than a very few years. They do not square with human nature or agree with the spirit of the age. If there is any force in this mode of thought, expediency and generosity agree together, and the policy which will best promote immediate friendship between nations will not conflict with the permanent interests of the benefactor.[168]